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House

House (también conocida como House, MD) es un drama de la televisión estadounidense médicos que se estrenó en la cadena Fox el 16 de noviembre de 2004. Personaje central del programa es el Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), un genio de la medicina convencional y misántropo, que dirige un equipo de diagnósticos en el ficticio hospital Princeton-Plainsboro Enseñanza (PPTH) en Nueva Jersey. La premisa de la muestra se originó con Paul Attanasio, mientras que David Shore, que es reconocido como creador, fue el principal responsable de la concepción del personaje del título. Los productores ejecutivos de la serie incluyen Shore, Attanasio, negocio Attanasio socio Katie Jacobs, y el director Bryan Singer, la película. Es en gran parte filmada en Century City.
Casa a menudo choca con sus colegas médicos, incluyendo a su propio equipo de diagnóstico, ya que muchas de sus hipótesis acerca de enfermedades de los pacientes se basan en percepciones sutiles o controversial. Su desprecio de las reglas y procedimientos del hospital con frecuencia le lleva a entrar en conflicto con su jefe, el administrador del hospital y el decano de Medicina de la Dra. Lisa Cuddy (Lisa Edelstein). Única amiga verdadera casa es el Dr. James Wilson (Robert Sean Leonard), jefe del Departamento de Oncología. Durante las tres primeras temporadas, el equipo de diagnóstico de House formado por el Dr. Robert Chase (Jesse Spencer), la Dra. Allison Cameron (Jennifer Morrison), y el Dr. Eric Foreman (Omar Epps). Al final de la tercera temporada, este equipo se disuelve. Se reunió por Foreman, House gradualmente selecciona a tres nuevos integrantes: Dra. Remy "Trece" Hadley (Olivia Wilde), el Dr. Chris Taub (Peter Jacobson), y el Dr. Lawrence Kutner (Kal Penn). Kutner muere hacia el final de la quinta temporada. Chase y Cameron siguen apareciendo en diferentes roles en el hospital hasta principios de la sexta temporada. Cameron se marcha del hospital, y Chase regresa a su equipo de diagnóstico. Trece tiene una licencia para la mayor parte de la séptima temporada, y su puesto es ocupado por el estudiante de medicina Martha M. Masters (Amber Tamblyn).
Aclamado por la crítica de gran parte de su recorrido, House fue uno de los programas entre los diez primeros clasificados en los Estados Unidos desde la segunda a través de su cuarta temporada. Distribuido a 66 países, la Casa fue el programa de televisión más visto en el mundo en 2008. El espectáculo ha recibido varios premios, entre ellos cinco premios Emmy, dos Globos de Oro, un premio Peabody, y nueve premios People ‘s Choice. Casa fue renovada por Fox para una octava temporada, [1], que se estrenó 03 de octubre 2011. [2]

En 2004, David Shore y Attanasio Pablo, junto con las empresas Attanasio socio Katie Jacobs, lanzó el programa (sin título en el momento) a Fox como un programa de detective estilo CSI médica [4], una novela policíaca hospital en el que los médicos investigaron los síntomas y sus causas. [5] Attanasio se inspiró para desarrollar un drama de procedimiento médico por el New York Times Magazine columna "Diagnosis", escrito por el médico de Lisa Sanders. [6] Fox compró la serie, aunque la red el entonces presidente, Gail Berman, dijo que el equipo creativo, "Quiero un programa sobre medicina, pero no quiero ver batas blancas van por el pasillo". [7] Jacobs ha dicho que esta disposición fue una de las muchas influencias que llevaron a la forma final de la serie [7].
Después de que Fox tomó la muestra, que adquirió el título de trabajo Persiguiendo a las cebras, rodeando el drenaje [8] ("zebra" es el argot médico para un diagnóstico raro u oscuro, mientras que "dando vueltas por el drenaje" se refiere a los casos terminales, los pacientes en un irreversible declive). [9] La premisa original de la demostración era de un equipo de médicos trabajando en conjunto tratando de "diagnosticar la diagnosticable". [10] la orilla sintió que era importante tener un personaje interesante central, que podía examinar a los pacientes ‘personal características y diagnosticar sus dolencias por averiguar sus secretos y mentiras. [10] En la costa y el resto del equipo creativo de explorar las posibilidades del personaje, el concepto del programa se convirtió en menos de un procedimiento y más centrado en el papel principal. [11] personaje se llamaba "Casa", que fue adoptado como título de la serie también. [8] la costa desarrollado los personajes más allá y escribió el guión para el episodio piloto. [4] Bryan Singer, que dirigió el episodio piloto y tuvo un papel importante en la fundición de los papeles principales, ha dicho que el "título de la prueba piloto fue" Everybody Lies ", y esa es la premisa del show". [11] Costa ha dicho que los argumentos centrales de varios primeros episodios se basaron en el trabajo de Berton Roueché, un escritor de The New Yorker entre 1944 y 1994, que se especializó en reportajes sobre casos médicos inusuales. [5]
Costa remontar el concepto para el personaje principal de su experiencia como paciente en un hospital de enseñanza [12] Costa recordó:. "Sabía que, tan pronto como salió de la habitación, que se burlaba de mí sin descanso [para mi despiste] y yo pensé que sería interesante ver a un personaje que en realidad hizo que antes de salir de la habitación ". [13] Una parte central de la premisa de la serie era que el personaje principal sería discapacitados de alguna manera. [14] La idea original era Casa de utilizar una silla de ruedas, pero Fox rechazó. Jacobs después expresó su agradecimiento por la insistencia de la red que el personaje se le vuelve a imaginar-poner sobre sus pies añadido una dimensión física fundamental. [11] Los escritores en última instancia, optó por dar casa una pierna dañada que surgen de un diagnóstico incorrecto, que le obliga a utilizar un bastón y le causa dolor que lleva a una dependencia de narcóticos. [14]

References to Sherlock Holmes

Sherlock Holmes serves as an inspiration for the series.
Similarities between Gregory House and the famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle appear throughout the series.[15][16] Shore explained that he was always a Holmes fan and found the character’s indifference to his clients unique.[13] The resemblance is evident in House’s reliance on inductive reasoning[15] and psychology, even where it might not seem obviously applicable,[9] and his reluctance to accept cases he finds uninteresting.[17] His investigatory method is to eliminate diagnoses logically as they are proved impossible; Holmes used a similar method.[8] Both characters play instruments (House plays the piano, the guitar, and the harmonica; Holmes, the violin) and take drugs (House is addicted to Vicodin; Holmes uses cocaine and morphine recreationally).[15] House’s relationship with Dr. James Wilson echoes that between Holmes and his confidant, Dr. John Watson.[8] Robert Sean Leonard, who portrays Wilson, said that House and his character?whose name is very similar to Watson’s?were originally intended to work together much as Holmes and Watson do; in his view, House’s diagnostic team has assumed that aspect of the Watson role.[18] Shore said that House’s name itself is meant as "a subtle homage" to Holmes.[8][19] House’s building number is 221B, a direct reference to Holmes’s street address.[9]
Individual episodes of the series contain additional references to the Sherlock Holmes tales. The main patient in the pilot episode is named Rebecca Adler after Irene Adler, a character in the first Holmes short story.[20] In the season two finale, House is shot by a crazed gunman credited as "Moriarty," the name of Holmes’s nemesis.[21] In the season four episode "It’s a Wonderful Lie," House receives a "second edition Conan Doyle" as a Christmas gift.[22] In the season five episode "The Itch," House is seen picking up his keys and Vicodin from the top of a copy of Conan Doyle’s The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes.[23] In another season five episode, "Joy to the World," House, in an attempt to fool his team, uses a book by Joseph Bell, Conan Doyle’s inspiration for Sherlock Holmes.[8] The volume had been given to him the previous Christmas by Wilson, who included the message "Greg, made me think of you." Before acknowledging that he gave the book to House, Wilson tells two of the team members that its source was a patient, Irene Adler

equipo de producción

House is a co-production of Heel and Toe Films, Shore Z Productions, and Bad Hat Harry Productions in association with Universal Media Studios for Fox.[26] Paul Attanasio and Katie Jacobs, the heads of Heel and Toe Films; David Shore, the head of Shore Z Productions; and Bryan Singer, the head of Bad Hat Harry Productions, have been executive producers of the program since its inception.[12] Lawrence Kaplow, Peter Blake, and Thomas L. Moran joined the staff as writers at the beginning of the first season after the making of the pilot episode. Writers Doris Egan, Sara Hess, Russel Friend, and Garrett Lerner joined the team at the start of season two. Friend and Lerner, who are business partners, had been offered positions when the series launched, but turned the opportunity down. After observing the show’s success, they accepted when Jacobs offered them jobs again the following year.[27] Since the beginning of season four, Moran, Friend, and Lerner have been credited as executive producers on the series, joining Attanasio, Jacobs, Shore, and Singer.[26] Hugh Laurie was credited as an executive producer for the second[28] and third[29] episodes of season five.
Shore is House’s showrunner.[30] Through the end of the sixth season, more than two dozen writers have contributed to the program. The most prolific have been Kaplow (18 episodes), Blake (17), Shore (16), Friend (16), Lerner (16), Moran (14), and Egan (13). The show’s most prolific directors through its first six seasons were Deran Sarafian (22 episodes), who was not involved in season six, and Greg Yaitanes (17). Of the more than three dozen other directors who have worked on the series, only David Straiton directed as many as 10 episodes through the sixth season. Hugh Laurie directed the seventeenth episode of season six, "Lockdown".[31] Elan Soltes has been the visual effects supervisor since the show began.[32] Lisa Sanders, an assistant clinical professor of medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, is a technical advisor to the series. She writes the "Diagnosis" column that inspired House’s premise.[33] According to Shore, "three different doctors… check everything we do".[34] Bobbin Bergstrom, a registered nurse, is the program’s on-set medical adviser.[34]
[edit]Casting
It wasn’t a massive move when I first considered [doing House]. What usually happens is you do a pilot and of the very few picked up, only about a quarter go to a second year. So I thought I’ll have three fun weeks. I never dreamt I’d be here three and a half years later.
Hugh Laurie[35]
At first, the producers were looking for a "quintessentially American person" to play the role of House.[36] Bryan Singer in particular felt there was no way he was going to hire a non-American actor for the role.[10] At the time of the casting session, actor Hugh Laurie was in Namibia filming the movie Flight of the Phoenix. He assembled an audition tape in a hotel bathroom, the only place with enough light,[36] and apologized for its appearance[37] (which Singer compared to a "bin Laden video&quot.[38] Laurie improvised, using an umbrella for a cane. Singer was very impressed by his performance and commented on how well the "American actor" was able to grasp the character.[10][39] Singer was not aware that Laurie was British, due to his convincing American accent. Laurie credits the accent to "a misspent youth [watching] too much TV and too many movies".[36] Although locally better-known actors such as Denis Leary, Rob Morrow, and Patrick Dempsey were considered for the part, Shore, Jacobs, and Attanasio were as impressed as Singer and cast Laurie as House.[40]
Laurie later revealed that he initially thought the show’s central character was Dr. James Wilson. He assumed that House was a supporting part, due to the nature of the character, until he received the full script of the pilot episode.[41] Laurie, the son of a doctor, Ran Laurie, said he felt guilty for "being paid more to become a fake version of [his] own father".[36] From the start of season three, he was being paid $275,000 to $300,000 per episode, as much as three times what he had previously been making on the series.[42][43] By the show’s fifth season, Laurie was earning around $400,000 per episode, making him one of the highest paid actors on network television.[44]

Hugh Laurie made his own audition tape while shooting a film in Namibia
Robert Sean Leonard had received the script for the CBS show Numb3rs, as well as that for House.[45] Leonard thought the Numb3rs script was "kind of cool" and planned to audition for the show.[45] However, he decided that the character he was up for, Charlie Eppes, was in too many scenes; he later observed, "The less I work, the happier I am".[45] He believed that his House audition was not particularly good, but that his lengthy friendship with Singer helped win him the part of Dr. Wilson.[45] Singer had enjoyed Lisa Edelstein’s portrayal of a prostitute on The West Wing, and sent her a copy of the pilot script.[46] Edelstein was attracted to the quality of the writing and her character’s "snappy dialogue" with House, and was cast as Dr. Lisa Cuddy.[46]
Australian actor Jesse Spencer’s agent suggested that he audition for the role of Dr. Robert Chase. Spencer believed the program would be similar in style to General Hospital, but changed his mind after reading the scripts.[47] After he was cast, he persuaded the producers to turn the character into an Australian.[48] Patrick Dempsey also auditioned for the part of Chase; he later became known for his portrayal of Dr. Derek Shepherd on Grey’s Anatomy.[49] Omar Epps, who plays Dr. Eric Foreman, was inspired by his earlier portrayal of a troubled intern on the NBC medical drama ER.[50] Jennifer Morrison felt that her audition for the part of Dr. Allison Cameron was a complete disaster.[51] However, before her audition, Singer had watched some of her performances, including on Dawson’s Creek, and already wanted to cast her in the role.[51] Morrison left the show when her character was written out in the middle of season six.[52]
At the end of season three, House dismisses Chase, while Foreman and Cameron resign.[53] House must then recruit a new diagnostic team, for which he identifies seven finalists. The producers originally planned to recruit two new full-time actors, with Foreman, who returns in season four’s fifth episode, bringing the team back up to three members; ultimately, the decision was made to add three new regular cast members.[54] (Along with Epps, actors Morrison and Spencer remained in the cast, as their characters moved on to new assignments.) During production, the show’s writers dismissed a single candidate per episode; as a result, said Jacobs, neither the producers nor the cast knew who was going to be hired until the last minute.[55] In the season’s ninth episode, House’s new team is revealed: Foreman is joined by doctors Lawrence Kutner (Kal Penn),[56] Chris Taub (Peter Jacobson),[57] and Remy "Thirteen" Hadley (Olivia Wilde).[58] The candidates rejected by House have not returned to the show, with the exception of the last one cut: Amber Volakis (Anne Dudek), who appeared for the rest of season four as Wilson’s girlfriend,[59] and in season five as a hallucination of House’s.[60] While Penn and Wilde had higher profiles than the actors who played the other finalists, Jacobs said they went through an identical audition process and stayed with the show based on the writers’ interest in their characters.[55] Kutner was written out of the series near the end of season five after Penn took a position in the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs.[61]
The contracts of Edelstein, Epps, and Leonard expired at the end of season seven. As a cost-cutting measure, the three actors were asked to accept reduced salaries. Epps and Leonard came to terms with the producers, but Edelstein did not, and in May 2011 it was announced that she would not be returning for the show’s eighth season.[62]
[edit]Filming style and locations

Frist Campus Center is the source of the aerial views of PPTH.
House is often filmed using the "walk and talk" filming technique,[7][17] popularized on television by series such as St. Elsewhere, ER, Sports Night, and The West Wing.[63] The technique involves the use of tracking shots, showing two or more characters walking between locations while talking.[63] Executive producer Katie Jacobs said that the show frequently uses the technique because "when you put a scene on the move, it’s a… way of creating an urgency and an intensity".[7] She noted the significance of "the fact that Hugh Laurie spans 6’2" and is taller than everybody else because it certainly makes those walk-and-talks pop".[7] Nancy Franklin of The New Yorker described the show’s "cool, ‘Fantastic Voyage’?like special effects of patients’ innards. I’ll bet you didn’t know that when your kidneys shut down they sound like bubble wrap popping."[64] "Cameras and special effects travel not only down the throat" of one patient, another critic observed, "but up her nose and inside her brain and leg".[65] Instead of relying primarily on computer-generated imagery, the interior body shots tend to involve miniature effects and motion control photography.[32] Many of the sets are dressed with a variety of unscripted props that allow Laurie to physically improvise, revealing aspects of his character and the story.[7]
The pilot episode was filmed in Canada; primary photography for all subsequent episodes has been shot on the Fox lot in Century City.[34] Bryan Singer chose the hospital near his hometown, West Windsor, New Jersey, as the show’s fictional setting.[12] Princeton University’s Frist Campus Center[a] is the source of the aerial views of Princeton?Plainsboro Teaching Hospital seen in the series.[66] Some filming took place at the University of Southern California for the season three episode "Half-Wit", which guest-starred Dave Matthews and Kurtwood Smith.[67] Part of House’s sixth season was filmed at the abandoned Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital, in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, as the fictional Mayfield Psychiatric Hospital.[68]
[edit]Opening sequence
The opening sequence begins with an MRI of a head with an image of the boxed "H" from the logo (the international symbol for hospital) in the foreground. This is then overlaid with an image of Dr. House’s face taken from the pilot episode with the show’s full title appearing across his face. House’s head then fades and the show’s title is underlined and has the "M.D." appear next to it, producing the entire logo of the show. This was the full extent of the title sequence in the pilot episode.[69] All subsequent episodes contain a longer sequence including the names of the six featured cast members and creator David Shore. Laurie’s name appears first, followed by the names of the five other featured cast members in alphabetical order (Edelstein, Epps, Leonard, Morrison, Spencer, then Shore).[70]
After the show’s title fades, there is an aerial view of PPTH (actually various Princeton University buildings, primarily Frist Campus Center).[66] This is followed by a series of images accompanying each cast member’s name; most are shown next to, or superimposed upon, illustrations of the human anatomy. Laurie’s name appears next to a model of a human head with the brain exposed; Edelstein’s name appears next to a visual effects?produced graphic of nerve axons; Epps’s name is superimposed upon a rib cage X-ray; Leonard’s name appears on a drawing of the two hemispheres of the brain.[70] The producers originally wanted to include an image of a cane and an image of a Vicodin bottle, but Fox objected. Morrison’s title card was thus lacking an image; an aerial shot of rowers on Princeton University’s Lake Carnegie was finally agreed upon to accompany her name.[71] Spencer’s name appears next to an old-fashioned anatomical drawing of a spine. Between the presentations of Spencer’s and Shore’s names is a scene of House and his three original team members walking down one of the hospital’s hallways.[70] Jacobs said that most of the backgrounds have no specific meaning; however, the final image?the text "created by David Shore" superimposed upon a human neck?connotes that Shore is "the brain of the show".[71] The sequence was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Design in 2005.[72] The title sequence continued to credit Spencer and Morrison, even when their characters were reduced to background roles during seasons four and five, and Morrison even after hers was written out. A new opening sequence was introduced in season seven to accommodate the changes in the cast, removing Morrison’s name and including Jacobson and Wilde’s.[73][74]
The series’ original opening theme, as heard in the United States, comprises instrumental portions of "Teardrop" by Massive Attack.[75][76] An acoustic version of "Teardrop", with guitar and vocals by José González, is heard as background music during the season four finale.[77]
[edit]Series overview

See also: List of House episodes
Anytime you try to summarize a show in one word, you sound like an ass. It’s about truth.
David Shore[78]
Gregory House, M.D., is often construed as a misanthropic medical genius who heads a team of diagnosticians at the Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in New Jersey.[69] Most episodes revolve around the diagnosis of a primary patient and start with a pre-credit sequence set outside the hospital, showing events leading up to the onset of the patient’s symptoms.[17] The typical episode follows the team in their attempts to diagnose and treat the patient’s illness,[75][79] attempts that often fail until the patient’s condition is critical.[75] House’s department usually only treats patients that have already been to other doctors but have failed to receive an accurate diagnosis yet.[66] House habitually rejects cases that he does not find interesting.[17] The storylines tend to focus on House’s unconventional medical theories and practices, and the other characters’ reactions to them, rather than on the intricate details of the treatments.[4]
The team employs the differential diagnosis method,[79] with House guiding the deliberations. Using a whiteboard, House writes down and eliminates possible etiologies with a marker.[80] The patient is typically misdiagnosed during the episode and treated with medications accordingly.[79] This usually causes further complications, but eventually helps House and his team diagnose the patient correctly, as the nature of the complications often provides valuable new evidence.[17] House tends to arrive at the correct diagnosis seemingly out of the blue, often inspired by a passing remark made by another character.[79] Diagnoses range from relatively common to very rare diseases.[81]
Many ailments House and his team encounter cannot be easily diagnosed because patients have lied about their symptoms, circumstances, or personal histories. House frequently mutters, "Everybody lies", or proclaims during the team’s deliberations, "The patient is lying"; this assumption guides House’s decisions and diagnoses.[9] Because many of his hypotheses are based on epiphanies or controversial insights, he often has trouble obtaining permission from his superior, hospital administrator Dr. Lisa Cuddy, to perform medical procedures he considers necessary.[82] This is especially the case when the proposed procedures involve a high degree of risk or are ethically questionable. There are frequent disagreements between House and his team,[83] especially Dr. Allison Cameron, whose standards of medical ethics are more conservative than those of the other characters.[75]
House, like all of the hospital’s doctors, is required to treat patients in the facility’s walk-in clinic.[69][84] His grudging fulfillment of this duty, or his creative methods of avoiding it, constitute a recurring subplot, which often serves as the series’ comic relief.[75][85] During clinic duty, House confounds patients with unwelcome observations into their personal lives, eccentric prescriptions, and unorthodox treatments.[69] However, after seeming to be inattentive to their complaints, he regularly impresses them with rapid and accurate diagnoses.[15] The insights that occur as he deals with some of the simple cases in the clinic often inspire him to solve the main case.[17][86]
It’s not a show about addiction, but you can’t throw something like this into the mix and not expect it to be noticed and commented on. There have been references to the amount of his consumption increasing over time. It’s becoming less and less useful a tool for dealing with his pain, and it’s something we‘re going to continue to deal with, continue to explore.
Shore on House’s Vicodin addiction[87]
A significant plot element is House’s use of Vicodin to manage pain, caused by an infarction in his quadriceps muscle five years before the show’s first season, which also forces him to use a cane.[88] In the first season; eleventh episode "Detox", House admits he is addicted to Vicodin, but says he does not have a problem because the pills "let me do my job, and they take away my pain". His addiction has led his colleagues, Cuddy and Dr. James Wilson, to encourage him to go to drug rehabilitation several times.[89] When he has no access to Vicodin or experiences unusually intense pain, he occasionally self-medicates with other narcotic analgesics such as morphine,[90] oxycodone,[91] and methadone.[92] House also frequently drinks liquor when he is not on medical duty, and classifies himself as a "big drinker".[93] Toward the end of season five, House begins to hallucinate; after eliminating other possible diagnoses, he and Wilson determine that his Vicodin addiction is the most likely cause.[94] House goes into denial about this for a brief time, but at the close of the season finale, he commits himself to Mayfield Psychiatric Hospital.[95] In the following season’s debut episode, House leaves Mayfield with his addiction under control.[96] However, about a year and a half later, in season seven’s 15th episode, "Bombshells", House reacts to the news that Cuddy possibly has kidney cancer by taking Vicodin,[97] and his addiction recurs.[98]

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